#Off topic
The Failure to Adhere to Agreements
Kashmir Causing Conflict between India and Pakistan
Kashmir a region between the
India and Pakistan has been the main cause of conflict between these two
nations. The region of Kashmir is rich in culture, this being attributed in the
integration of the Muslims as well as the Indians, communities that are known
for their abundance in culture. However, this is of little comfort as their
differences lead to disagreement and conflict, which has shadowed the country
for many years. The conflict being witnesses in Kashmir is due to a number of
reasons, which are mainly based on the differences between two communities.
These reasons are discussed below.
Regional Conflict
The root of the conflict in
Kashmir stated at the wake of independence in of the Indian continent in 1947
from the Britain. The continent consisted of Hindu and Muslim communities, thus
once they gained their independence the two groups divided into two nations
India and Pakistan. The Hindu communities choose to occupy India, while the
Muslims choose Pakistan as their country. However, one leader of Hindu
heritage, Maharaja, remained neutral choosing to remain an independent state
from the two nations. Some people in the region as well as the two nations did
not approve this decision, thus became a constant issue to test dominance and
power between the two nations. According to Bose, the issue dominance of the
state of boundary between Pakistan and India is considered exogenous, with each
nation trying to prove their superiority over the other.
Agreement Treaties between Kashmir and the Two Nations
In an effort to maintain peace within the region
of Kashmir, Maharaja chose to enter into a number of agreements, which led to
tension within the nation, and soon after the conflict being witnessed up to
this day. The first agreement was signed immediately after the independence of
the continent. Since the leader wanted to remain independent and still maintain
control in his country in terms of economy and other needs he entered in an
agreement with Pakistan. According to The Telegraph, the agreement allowed the
Kashmir to participate in trade and other operations such as communication
without any interruptions from Pakistan. However, the same treatment was not
applied to India thus; they continued contributing towards issues related
Kashmir. The Muslim people in Kashmir saw this as discrimination on their part
as a result they started rioting and causing disruptions in the region, factors
that eventually led to the conflict in Kashmir.
Internal Conflict
With the rise in
internal conflict in Kashmir, Pakistan saw this as an opportunity to gain
control and obtain power over India. This fueled by the suffering of the Muslim
in Kashmir led the nation to plan and implement an attack in the nation in
October 1947, months after the continent gained its independence. This attract
prompted the leader Maharaja to call onto India for assistance. He signed an
instrument of accession, consenting to India involvement with the matter of
bringing law and order within the region. This agreement in most cases gives
the contracting party the authority to act as it pleases with the main goal of
the agreement.
Authentication of the Accession Agreement
This agreement between
maharaja and India was deemed void by Pakistan, as it claimed that India took
advantage of the instability within the region and decided to establish control
over the region. Pakistan claims that matters were not discussed and resolved
in an orderly manner, they also claim that Maharaja was forced to attesting to
the accession in order to be assured of passage and protection by the Indian
government. According to a statement by the Pakistani government, i.e. the V.P
to Maharaja was not aware of any agreement being made between Maharaja and the
India government since the leader had already left the nation. Despite the fact
that, some people were not aware of the said agreement of accession between
Maharaja and the Indian government led to conflict within the region as well as
between India and Pakistani, two nations who were fighting over the control in
the region.
Differences in Culture and Political
Both the Hindu community
and the Pakistani have their own culture, which seem to segregate them. For
example, the Hindu has the caste system where certain groups maintain
superiority over others. The same applies to the Muslim. As a result, there are
also different political systems in the region. The fact that the Hindu held a
larger population than the Muslim, led the Hindu to hold authority over the
other community as well as in the region. This created tension within the
nation a matter that attracted the attention of Pakistan to fight over the
control in the region. A matter that led to the rise of conflict in Kashmir, as
the Indian government claim that Pakistan attacked Kashmir first in 1948 and
they only came forth to defend the Indian community living in the region.
The
Referendum or the New Government
With the singing of the
accession agreement by Maharaja to the Indian government, the leaders of
Kashmir were promise a new government or referendum. However, this never
happened as the Indian government still holds power over Kashmir a matter that
has angered the Muslim people living in the region. As a result, there has been
one riot after another within the region.
Military
Involvement
When the Indian military
came to Kashmir in the first place in 1948, they were requested to come and
intervene in the invasion of Pakistan in Kashmir. However, the military choose
to remain in the region even after the leaders resolved the issue. In addition
to their presence in the country, they have started acting violently towards
the Muslim community in the region. Cases have been brought forward to the
attention of international bodies over the violence practice by the Indian
military as they rape and kill innocent people in the region of Kashmir. All
this is done under the leadership of the Indian government who seem to take no
action at all in resolving the issue. This prompted the Pakistani government to
intervene and help ease the suffering of the Muslims. In addition to this,
other militia organizations also sought to declare their control over the
region. According to the Indian government these groups are supported by the
Pakistan government, a claim that is denied by the Pakistan government who cite
condemnation from the Indian government.
The Failure to Adhere to Agreements
The leaders in both
India and Pakistan have the tendency of holding meeting and coming to
agreements that mean nothing to either party after some time. Take for example
the first agreement between Kashmir leader and the Pakistan government. The
Pakistan did not follow the terms of the agreement, which led Maharaja to seek
the support of the Indian government. Other cases include the agreement between
the two nations, which was enforced under the UN mandate in 1949. Pakistan
government was told to seize their military activities in Kashmir and let the
leaders within the region resolve their own issue without any interference from
either India or Pakistan. Pakistan however did not live to their end of the
agreement as later in 1965 Pakistan attacked the region citing that India still
had major influence in the Kashmir. These are just but a few of such agreements
that held no foundation in the regions politics, and only acted to cause more
reasons for conflict within the region.
Conclusion
The conflict in Kashmir
started over regional boundaries but it progressed slowly to involve other
issues such as the oppression of the people, as well as the fight over
dominance in the region. This conflict started in the late 1990 and it is still
ongoing. International bodies have tried to resolve the matter, but the problem
seems to be rooted deeply between these two nations as efforts from
international bodies go unnoticed. Thus, the nation has been the battleground
between Pakistan and India and peace within the region seem inevitable as none
of the two nations seem to back down.
[1]http://www.ukessays.com/essays/history/kashmir-causing-conflict-between-india-and-pakistan-history-essay.php#ixzz3t98ULyGw
[2] http://www.insightonconflict.org/conflicts/kashmir/conflict-profile/
[3] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1762146.stm
[4] http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/documents/instrument_of_accession.html
[5] http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/08/2011887622615886.html
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